Mohammad Amin Savari; Amin Khatibi; Esmaeel Veisia
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the perceptions of football referees in Iran and Iraq regarding the variables of organizational support, violence and collusion. The present research method was descriptive-comparative which was done electronically through a questionnaire. The statistical population ...
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The aim of this study was to compare the perceptions of football referees in Iran and Iraq regarding the variables of organizational support, violence and collusion. The present research method was descriptive-comparative which was done electronically through a questionnaire. The statistical population was all football referees working in Iran and Iraq who had a history of refereeing in the Premier League, Asian Championships and World Cups (N = 150). The statistical sample of active referees in the Premier League, Asian competitions and international competitions in the season (99-99) in Iran was 100 people and in Iraq was 50 people who used the sampling method (n = 150). Data collection tools were demographic information questionnaire, perceived organizational support questionnaire, perceived collusion, and perceived violence. Data were analyzed using independent t-test and one-sample t-test. The results of the study showed that the variables of perceived organizational support, perceived violence and perceived collusion were significant in the judges of Iran and Iraq (P = 0/001). Perceived violence and perceived collusion were assessed as undesirable by Iranian judges and by Iraqi judges. The organizational support perceived by the Iranian referees and Iraq referees is significantly unfavorable. Data collection tools were personal information questionnaire, Perceived Organizational Support Questionnaire (Yuna Hong, 2019), Perceived Collusion (Jonas Vicchers, 2019) and Perceived Violence (Alon Acre, 2013). In order to organizational support and eliminate violence and collusion in football, it is suggested to try to eliminate violence and collusion by adopting basic planning in basic and championship football.
Amin khatibi; Seyyed Hossein Marashian; Esmaeel Veisia
Volume 18, Issue 46 , March 2020, , Pages 79-98
Abstract
The study is to examine the role of sport in promotion of patriotic sense that has been done in exploratory mixed method in Khuzestan province. In order to identify the role of sport in the first part of the research, semi structured qualitative interviews with experts was used and based on achieved ...
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The study is to examine the role of sport in promotion of patriotic sense that has been done in exploratory mixed method in Khuzestan province. In order to identify the role of sport in the first part of the research, semi structured qualitative interviews with experts was used and based on achieved results, the conceptual model of research was designed and sport role's questionnaire was designed. After confirmation of its validation, in second section (quantities' section), conceptual model of research was examined. Statistical population of this research was all individuals living in Khuzestan Province between 15 to 65 years old (N = 4853000). 400 questionnaires in five cluster of Khuzestan province were distributed and at all 322 questionnaires of them were used for analysis. Structural equation was used for data analysis. Findings showed the effect of sport on patriotic sense. Four factors were identified as sport's roles which included presence, performance, and atmosphere and participate in managing sport events and among these factors, the atmosphere around sport events played greater roles. Research findings express the social capacity of sport can have valuable achievements for our country.
