Akbar Zolfaghari; Taha Ashayeri; Tahereh Jahanparvar
Abstract
Sport is one of the modern social lifestyles, which has received attention. With the increase of sports supporters in Iran, the intensity and amount of sports violence and aggression has also expanded. Therefore, the research is to study the causes of violence and aggression in sports using Meta-Analysis ...
Read More
Sport is one of the modern social lifestyles, which has received attention. With the increase of sports supporters in Iran, the intensity and amount of sports violence and aggression has also expanded. Therefore, the research is to study the causes of violence and aggression in sports using Meta-Analysis approach.
The method of research is meta-analysis. Meta-analysis, by systematically reviewing previous researches, tries to estimate the effect size of the independent variable on the dependent variable. The statistical population was 56 research documents, of which 33 documents were selected by observing the entry and exit criteria.
The findings showed that violence and aggression in sports depend on many social, cultural, psychological, economic, demographic and contextual factors, which include differential bonding, social dissatisfaction, weak formal control, weak informal control, social trust, social cohesion, social belonging, occupational identity, history of sports violence, social anomie, ethnic identity, cultural factors including subcultural belonging, cultural capital, religious affiliation, stereotypes, cultural anomie, psychological factors including dissatisfaction with referees' performance, sports media, feeling of alienation, antisocial personality, dissatisfaction with the club's social atmosphere, economic factors including unemployment, economic anomie, relative deprivation, job failure, and demographic and contextual factors including age, income, socio-economic base.
Violent behavior in sports is facilitated by structural pressures, social and economic anomie, relative deprivation, weak social capital, increased subcultures, biased behavior of reference groups, social exclusion, reduced binding beliefs, unemployment, reduced business climate, and lack of structural participation
zoya tabari; akbar talebpur; tayebeh zargar
Abstract
Today, the exciting arena of watching football matches in multi-ethnic communities such as Iran has become an arena for showing and expressing ethnic identities. Accordingly, the study is to represent the dimensions of ethnic identity among football spectators by thematic analysis. The population included ...
Read More
Today, the exciting arena of watching football matches in multi-ethnic communities such as Iran has become an arena for showing and expressing ethnic identities. Accordingly, the study is to represent the dimensions of ethnic identity among football spectators by thematic analysis. The population included fans of three textile teams: Mazandaran, Khuzestan Steel and Tabriz Tractor, from three ethnic groups: Mazani, Turk and Arab. The sampling method was purposive that 28 in-depth interviews were conducted until reaching the theoretical saturation stage, 17 of which were coded and analyzed using Nvivo8 software.
The findings from the three-stage coding of qualitative data showed that spectators while watching the game in sports stadiums represent their ethnic identity through two components, each of which has its own dimensions.These two components are: 1) ethnicity through mental mediation (culture, history, racism, religion, symbolic attributes) and 2) ethnicity through objective mediation (land, music, diet, myths and celebrities, population rate, Symbolic cover, language, race).
Therefore, it can be said that watching football matches has the potential to represent ethnic identity for spectators, which leads to the adoption of strategic policies to strengthen national identity in order to reduce tensions, taking into account differences based on ethnic identity.
