Mohammad Amin Savari; Amin Khatibi; Esmaeel Veisia
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the perceptions of football referees in Iran and Iraq regarding the variables of organizational support, violence and collusion. The present research method was descriptive-comparative which was done electronically through a questionnaire. The statistical population ...
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The aim of this study was to compare the perceptions of football referees in Iran and Iraq regarding the variables of organizational support, violence and collusion. The present research method was descriptive-comparative which was done electronically through a questionnaire. The statistical population was all football referees working in Iran and Iraq who had a history of refereeing in the Premier League, Asian Championships and World Cups (N = 150). The statistical sample of active referees in the Premier League, Asian competitions and international competitions in the season (99-99) in Iran was 100 people and in Iraq was 50 people who used the sampling method (n = 150). Data collection tools were demographic information questionnaire, perceived organizational support questionnaire, perceived collusion, and perceived violence. Data were analyzed using independent t-test and one-sample t-test. The results of the study showed that the variables of perceived organizational support, perceived violence and perceived collusion were significant in the judges of Iran and Iraq (P = 0/001). Perceived violence and perceived collusion were assessed as undesirable by Iranian judges and by Iraqi judges. The organizational support perceived by the Iranian referees and Iraq referees is significantly unfavorable. Data collection tools were personal information questionnaire, Perceived Organizational Support Questionnaire (Yuna Hong, 2019), Perceived Collusion (Jonas Vicchers, 2019) and Perceived Violence (Alon Acre, 2013). In order to organizational support and eliminate violence and collusion in football, it is suggested to try to eliminate violence and collusion by adopting basic planning in basic and championship football.
Akbar Zolfaghari; Taha Ashayeri; Tahereh Jahanparvar
Abstract
Sport is one of the modern social lifestyles, which has received attention. With the increase of sports supporters in Iran, the intensity and amount of sports violence and aggression has also expanded. Therefore, the research is to study the causes of violence and aggression in sports using Meta-Analysis ...
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Sport is one of the modern social lifestyles, which has received attention. With the increase of sports supporters in Iran, the intensity and amount of sports violence and aggression has also expanded. Therefore, the research is to study the causes of violence and aggression in sports using Meta-Analysis approach.
The method of research is meta-analysis. Meta-analysis, by systematically reviewing previous researches, tries to estimate the effect size of the independent variable on the dependent variable. The statistical population was 56 research documents, of which 33 documents were selected by observing the entry and exit criteria.
The findings showed that violence and aggression in sports depend on many social, cultural, psychological, economic, demographic and contextual factors, which include differential bonding, social dissatisfaction, weak formal control, weak informal control, social trust, social cohesion, social belonging, occupational identity, history of sports violence, social anomie, ethnic identity, cultural factors including subcultural belonging, cultural capital, religious affiliation, stereotypes, cultural anomie, psychological factors including dissatisfaction with referees' performance, sports media, feeling of alienation, antisocial personality, dissatisfaction with the club's social atmosphere, economic factors including unemployment, economic anomie, relative deprivation, job failure, and demographic and contextual factors including age, income, socio-economic base.
Violent behavior in sports is facilitated by structural pressures, social and economic anomie, relative deprivation, weak social capital, increased subcultures, biased behavior of reference groups, social exclusion, reduced binding beliefs, unemployment, reduced business climate, and lack of structural participation
Mohammad Rasuol Khodadadi; Saeed yousefi; Saeed Rezaye; Ali Jamali
Volume 13, Issue 23 , April 2014, , Pages 147-157
Abstract
Football stadiums, because of manifold factors, could be an environment of demonstrating violence for spectators. Accordingly, this research aims to study the sociological factors of violence among Tabriz football spectators. Statistical population was whole football spectators of Tabriz and sample ...
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Football stadiums, because of manifold factors, could be an environment of demonstrating violence for spectators. Accordingly, this research aims to study the sociological factors of violence among Tabriz football spectators. Statistical population was whole football spectators of Tabriz and sample population was 1045 people chosen by random sampling method in the 6 home competitions of TractorSazi and Gostaresh Foolad. The instrument was an author made questionnaire and the reliability and validity was confirmed. Kolmogrov Smirnov, one sample T test and repeated variance analysis tests were used for statistical methods by SPSS20 software.
The results of variance analysis showed that, cultural intolerance, team position, referee related affairs, reaction to spectators of other teams, personal and psychological problems, hardware factors, software factors, coach and players position and media factors (P≥ 0.05) were effective on violence demonstration from Football spectators point of view. To remove the factors of violence, it would be better to pay attention to position and stand of stadiums at first and then try to solve personal problems.
